Toss the chicken cubes with the Shaoxing wine, light soy sauce, cornstarch, and sesame oil. Rest at room temperature for 15 minutes.
Whisk the black vinegar, light and dark soy sauces, sugar, cornstarch, and water until the sugar and cornstarch dissolve.
Heat 2 tablespoons oil in a wok over high heat until just smoking. Sear the chicken in a single layer 2-3 minutes undisturbed, then stir-fry 2 minutes until golden and cooked through. Transfer to a plate.
Return the wok to high heat, add the remaining 1 tablespoon oil, and stir-fry the dried chilies and Sichuan peppercorns 30-45 seconds until darkened and intensely fragrant.
Add the garlic, ginger, and scallion whites; stir-fry 30 seconds until fragrant.
Return the chicken to the wok with the scallion greens and peanuts. Stir the sauce once more, pour it in, and toss 1-2 minutes until glossy and thickened. Serve over hot jasmine rice.